28^th International Diabetes and Healthcare Conference July 15-16, 2020 Helsinki, Finland

Endocrinology mainly deals with the endocrine system which is a collection of glands that produce hormones that regulates metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, and reproduction. Endocrine disorders are typically divided into two categories, when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone is called hormone imbalance. Another category is due to the development of lesions (tumor) in the endocrine system. Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that occur together which increase the risk of heart disease, heart stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Conditions like these include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol. It is also connected to a condition called insulin resistance. Risk factors such as age, ethnicity, obesity, diabetes increase the chance of having metabolic syndrome.

Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes complication that affects eyes which is caused by damage of blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the rear part of the retina. This condition leads to early blindness if left untreated. The regular side effects such as blurred vision, impairment of colour vision, poor night vision, floaters. This condition can be developed in anyone who has type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. Too much sugar in blood leads to the blockage of the tiny blood vessels that maintain retina. Diabetic retinopathy can be prevented by managing diabetes by eating healthy and physical activities, doing at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity like walking each week and monitoring the blood sugar level, more-frequent measurements may be required if your stressed.

Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage which caused by high blood sugar levels sustained over a long period of time. Peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, proximal neuropathy, focal neuropathy are the several types of nerve injuries.  The condition usually develops gradually and it can be identified by the symptoms like numbness, loss of sense of touch, burning sensation in feet, dizziness, diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, loss of balance, trouble of swallowing and indigestion. Diabetic neuropathy can be diagnosed by physical examination by the neuropathies.

Diet and exercise are both key factors of a successful strategy to manage diabetes. These two factors can sharply reduce the likelihood of diabetes. Diabetic diet is a healthy-eating pattern which consisting rich in nutrients and low in fat and calories. Essential elements like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains could be included in diet plan.  The amount of sugar intake will affect the sugar level of the patients, so consuming less amount of sugar and eating healthy can prevent diabetes. Nutrition plays a vital role in diabetes, eating the healthiest foods in moderate amounts and sticking to regular mealtimes can affect the risk of getting diabetes.  Weight loss planning, counting carbohydrates, meal plate management such things can be useful to live healthy lifestyle.

High blood glucose from diabetes can damage blood vessels and nerves which control heart and blood vessels. The factors affecting the chances of developing heart disease or heart stroke are

·         Smoking

·         High blood pressure

·         Abnormal cholesterol levels

·         Obesity and belly fat

·         Family history of heart disease

The connection between diabetes and heart disease starts with high blood sugar levels, the high glucose in the blood can damage the arteries, which causes them to become stiff and hard. Atherosclerosis is a condition which occurs when blood vessels are filled with fatty material. This might eventually block the blood flow to heart or brain, which causes the heart attack or heart stroke.

Diabetes damages arteries and make them targets for hardening is called atherosclerosis, which can further cause high blood pressure. The risk of having diabetes may increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other health problems Diabetes people shouldn’t have blood pressure more than 130/80. If patients have both diabetes and high blood pressure this might results risk of having cardiovascular diseases. If diabetes is not controlled situation it can cause serious threat to kidneys, eyes, nervous systems, heart and blood vessels. People with high blood pressure and diabetes are sometimes given blood pressure machines like ACE inhibitors, because they are thought to protect the kidneys.

Diabetes is an complicate set of diseases with no single reason. Here dietary supplements make a few people increasingly defenseless against diabetes, especially with the right environment. Diabetes, frequently implicit as diabetes mellitus, interpret a social affair of metabolic diseases is either in light of the fact that insulin creation is incomplete, or in light of the way that the body don't respond appropriately to insulin, or both the sorts. In type 1 diabetic patients, they pickup hazard factors from the both parents. Current exploration has demonstrated that offspring create 3%of the time if the mother has the condition and 5% if the father has the condition. Ecological changes also causes type 1 diabetes. A few infections likewise cause type-1 diabetes like measles infection, rotavirus.Type-2 is the more generic type of disorder which incorporates 90% of the world cases. 70% patients with type-2 diabetes are acquired from the parents while the rest of the patients were obese.

Ethnic, social, religious, sex, and financial contrasts influence medicinal services access and intricacy chance in personals with diabetes. Current investigations have prescribed bringing down the body mass index (BMI) cut point for testing for Asian Americans to ≥23 kg/m2. Female with diabetes, contrasted and male with diabetes, have a 40% more serious danger of occurrence coronary illness. Financial and traditional imbalances prevail in the arrangement of human services to people with diabetes. Accordingly, children with type-1 diabetes from racial/ethnic populaces with lower financial status are in danger for poor metabolic control and poor enthusiastic working.

Insulin signalling occurs when carbohydrates are consumed, digested, and absorbed, the pancreas senses the constant rise in blood glucose concentration and releases insulin to promote an increase of glucose level from the blood stream which is characterized by hyperglycemia. Lack of severe reduction in insulin secretion due to auto immune destruction of beta cells is the cause for type 1 diabetes. The advancement of type 2 diabetes is complex, which involves dynamic increase of insulin resistance and relative deficiency in insulin secretion, leading to overt hyperglycemia.

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test is a blood test for measuring the blood glucose level at a single point of time. For getting the most reliable test results, it is best to take this test in the morning, after doing fast for at least 8 hours. A1C test provides average levels of blood glucose over the past 3 months. Food and water can be consumed before taking A1C test, parameters like age, anemia or any other problem with blood will be considered to diagnose diabetes by using A1C test. Results of A1C test considered in percentage, such as A1C of 7 percent. The higher the percentage, the higher are average blood glucose levels. Random plasma glucose(RPG) test is to diagnose diabetes when diabetes symptoms are present in blood and the test can be taken at any time with or without fasting. Diabetes diagnosis includes the following methods they are,

• Weight loss
• Healthy eating
• Regular exercise
• Insulin therapy
• Blood sugar monitoring

Consuming sugar foods and refined carbs can be hazardous for individuals on the fast track to developing diabetes, the body rapidly breaks the consumed food into small sugar molecules which are absorbed into bloodstream. This arise in blood sugar stimulates pancreas to produce insulin. Performing physical activity like exercise on daily basis will result insulin sensitivity increase  in cells. Managing blood sugar level is the primary goal of diabetes treatment, in order to avoid complications of the disease. Type 1 diabetes is guided with insulin as well as diet changes and exercise. Type 2 diabetes may be instructed with non-insulin medications, insulin, weight reduction, or dietary changes. Consuming dry fruits, nuts in small amounts provide health benefits in blood sugar regulation also  withdraw smoking will reduce the risk factor of  cancer, heart disease and risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Herbal therapies have led to improved glucose control in many people with diabetes, using the more natural ingredients can lead to manage the blood sugar level. Plant based therapies like

• Aloe vera
• Bliberry extract
• Cinnamon
• Ginger
• Okra
• Bitter melon

These are commonly used in ayurvedic medicine and oriental medicine for treating diabetes. Certain herbs, vitamins, and supplements may relate with diabetes medications including insulin and increase the hypoglycemic effects. Herbs and plant sources listed below have been employed traditionally in the treatment of diabetes.

• Allium
• Bauhinia Forficata And Myrcia Uniflora
• Coccinia Indica
• Ficus Carica Ginseng
• Berberine
• Cinnamomym Tamala
• Vinca Rosea

The global diabetic drugs market is divided on the basis of drug type, application and geography. The drug types advised such as Injectable Drugs and Oral Drugs.  Injectable drugs are the drugs which are injected directly into the body such as Insulin, Exenatide, Liragultide, Pramlintide. The Oral medications work by different mechanisms like producing more insulin and decreasing the insulin resistance of the body and by reducing gluconeogenesis of the liver.  The oral medications available in the drug market such as

• Biguanides
• Sulfonylureas
• Meglitinides and D-Phenylalanine Derivatives
• Thiazolidinediones
• DPP-4 Inhibitors
• Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors
• Bile Acid Sequestrants

Therapy of diabetes includes A1C test, random blood sugar test, fasting blood sugar test and oral glucose tolerance test these are the most general perceived tests for the preliminary of diabetes. The application of a glucose lowering therapy is dependent on considerations like severity of hyperglycemia, hepatic and renal associated functions. The therapeutics of type 1 diabetes includes stimulation of insulin secretion through GLP analogues like insulin injections to compensate for beta cell defects, DPP-4 inhibition by Sitagliptin, and increased islet survival and islet cell regeneration. The therapeutics of type 2 includes several conventional therapies like sulfonylureas, Repaglinide enhance insulin secretion and Troglitazone. By keeping the blood sugar level as close to normal as possible can delay or prevent diabetes.  Treatment for diabetes includes

• Taking insulin
• Carbohydrate
• Protein intake count
• Frequent blood sugar monitoring
• Eating healthy foods
• Exercising regularly
• Maintaining healthy weight

The case studies of the diabetes is to detect the overall condition of the disorder, there are numerous case and research studies including animal models and human models. Type 2 diabetes is a modern epidemic. The intention of the current research is to re-investigate the mechanisms by which and the depth in which integrated care for diabetes has been implemented, whose outcomes have been concluded and how the context and mechanisms have affected the outcomes. Two categorical types of prediabetes, depending on when the body declines to produce insulin, the hormone that signals body tissues to use glucose is impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Scientists are evaluating the data to understand the effects of different drugs on the two distinct types of  prediabetes.